ICT2621
Structured Systems Analysis and Design

Systems Analysis and Design

(12th edition)

by Scott Tilley

1. Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design
1.1. Information Technology
1.1.1. The Changing Nature of Information Technology
1.1.2. Systems Analysis and Design
1.1.3. What Does a Systems Analyst Do?
1.2. Information Systems
1.2.1. Hardware
1.2.2. Software
1.2.3. Data
1.2.4. Processes
1.2.5. People
1.3. Internet Business Strategies
1.3.1. The Internet Model
1.3.2. B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
1.3.3. B2B (Business-to-Business)
1.4. Modeling Business Operations
1.5. Business Information Systems
1.5.1. Enterprise Computing
1.5.2. Transaction Processing
1.5.3. Business Support
1.5.4. Knowledge Management
1.5.5. User Productivity
1.5.6. Digital Assistants
1.5.7. Systems Integration
1.6. Organizational Information Models
1.6.1. Functions and Organizational Levels
1.6.2. Top Managers
1.6.3. Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
1.6.4. Supervisors and Team Leaders
1.6.5. Operational Employees
1.7. Systems Development
1.7.1. Structured Analysis
1.7.2. Object-Oriented Analysis
1.7.3. Agile Methods
1.7.4. Prototyping
1.7.5. Tools
1.8. The Information Technology Department
1.8.1. Application Development
1.8.2. Systems Support and Security
1.8.3. User Support
1.8.4. Database Administration
1.8.5. Network Administration
1.8.6. Web Support
1.8.7. Quality Assurance (QA)
1.9. The Systems Analyst
1.9.1. Role
1.9.2. Knowledge, Skills, and Education
1.9.3. Certification
1.9.4. Career Opportunities
1.9.5. Trends in Information Technology
2. Analyzing the Business Case
2.1. Strategic Planning
2.1.1. Strategic Planning Overview
2.1.2. SWOT Analysis
2.1.3. The Role of the IT Department
2.2. Strategic Planning Tools
2.3. The Business Case
2.4. Systems Requests
2.5. Factors Affecting Systems Projects
2.5.1. Internal Factors
2.5.2. External Factors
2.6. Processing Systems Requests
2.6.1. Systems Request Forms
2.6.2. Systems Request Tools
2.6.3. Systems Review Committee
2.7. Assessing Request Feasibility
2.7.1. Feasibility Studies
2.7.2. Operational Feasibility
2.7.3. Economic Feasibility
2.7.4. Technical Feasibility
2.7.5. Schedule Feasibility
2.8. Setting Priorities
2.8.1. Dynamic Priorities
2.8.2. Factors That Affect Priority
2.8.3. Discretionary and Nondiscretionary Projects
2.9. The Preliminary Investigation
2.9.1. Planning the Preliminary Investigation
2.9.2. Performing the Preliminary Investigation
2.9.3. Summarizing the Preliminary Investigation
3. Managing Systems Projects
3.1. Overview of Project Management
3.1.1. What Shapes a Project?
3.1.2. What Is a Project Triangle?
3.1.3. What Does a Project Manager Do?
3.2. Creating a Work Breakdown Structure
3.2.1. Gantt Charts
3.2.2. PERT/CPM Charts
3.2.3. Identifying Tasks in a Work Breakdown Structure
3.2.4. Factors Affecting Duration
3.2.5. Displaying the Work Breakdown Structure
3.3. Task Patterns
3.3.1. Using Task Boxes to Create a Model
3.3.2. Task Pattern Types
3.3.3. Working with Complex Task Patterns
3.4. The Critical Path
3.4.1. Calculating the Critical Path
3.5. Project Monitoring and Control
3.5.1. Monitoring and Control Techniques
3.5.2. Maintaining a Schedule
3.5.3. Tasks and the Critical Path
3.6. Reporting
3.6.1. Project Status Meetings
3.6.2. Project Status Reports
3.6.3. Dealing with Problems
3.7. Project Management Software
3.8. Risk Management
3.9. Managing for Success
3.9.1. Business Issues
3.9.2. Budget Issues
3.9.3. Schedule Issues
4. Requirements Engineering
4.1. System Requirements
4.1.1. Types of Requirements
4.1.2. Requirements Challenges
4.1.3. Additional Considerations
4.2. Team-Based Techniques
4.2.1. Joint Application Development
4.2.2. Rapid Application Development
4.2.3. Agile Methods
4.3. Gathering Requirements
4.4. Gathering Requirements Through Interviews
4.4.1. The Interview Process
4.5. Gathering Requirements Using Other Techniques
4.5.1. Document Review
4.5.2. Observation
4.5.3. Questionnaires and Surveys
4.5.4. Interviews Versus Questionnaires
4.5.5. Brainstorming
4.5.6. Sampling
4.5.7. Research
4.6. Gathering Requirements in Agile Projects
4.7. Representing Requirements
4.7.1. Natural Language
4.7.2. Diagrams
4.7.3. Models
4.8. Validating and Verifying Requirements
4.9. Tools
5. Data and Process Modeling
5.1. Logical Versus Physical Models
5.2. Data Flow Diagrams
5.3. Data Flow Diagram Symbols
5.3.1. Process Symbols
5.3.2. Data Flow Symbols
5.3.3. Data Store Symbols
5.3.4. Entity Symbols
5.3.5. Using DFD Symbols
5.4. Drawing Data Flow Diagrams
5.5. Drawing a Context Diagram
5.6. Drawing a Diagram 0 DFD
5.7. Drawing Lower-Level DFDs
5.8. Data Dictionary
5.8.1. Documenting the Data Elements
5.8.2. Documenting the Data Flows
5.8.3. Documenting the Data Stores
5.8.4. Documenting the Processes
5.8.5. Documenting the Entities
5.8.6. Documenting the Records
5.8.7. Data Dictionary Reports
5.9. Process Description Tools in Modular Design
5.9.1. Process Descriptions in Object-Oriented Development
5.9.2. Modular Design
5.9.3. Structured English
5.9.4. Decision Tables
5.9.5. Decision Trees
6. Object Modeling
6.1. Object-Oriented Analysis
6.2. Objects
6.3. Attributes
6.4. Methods
6.5. Messages
6.6. Classes
6.7. Relationships Among Objects and Classes
6.8. The Unified Modeling Language (UML)
6.8.1. Use Case Modeling
6.8.2. Use Case Diagrams
6.8.3. Class Diagrams
6.8.4. Sequence Diagrams
6.8.5. State Transition Diagrams
6.8.6. Activity Diagrams
6.8.7. Business Process Modeling
6.9. Tools
7. Development Strategies
7.1. Traditional Versus Web-Based Systems Development
7.1.1. Traditional Development
7.1.2. Web-Based Development
7.2. Evolving Trends
7.3. In-House Software Development Options
7.3.1. Make or Buy Decision
7.3.2. Developing Software In-House
7.3.3. Purchasing a Software Package
7.3.4. Customizing a Software Package
7.3.5. Creating User Applications
7.4. Outsourcing
7.4.1. The Growth of Outsourcing
7.4.2. Outsourcing Fees
7.4.3. Outsourcing Issues and Concerns
7.5. Offshoring
7.6. Software as a Service
7.7. Selecting a Development Strategy
7.7.1. The Systems Analyst's Role
7.7.2. Analyzing Cost and Benefits
7.7.3. Cost-Benefit Analysis Checklist
7.8. The Software Acquisition Process
7.9. Completion of Systems Analysis Tasks
7.9.1. System Requirements Document
7.9.2. Presentation to Management
7.9.3. Transition to Systems Design
8. User Interface Design
8.1. User Interfaces
8.2. Human-Computer Interaction
8.3. Seven Habits of Successful Interface Designers
8.3.1. Understand the Business
8.3.2. Maximize Graphical Effectiveness
8.3.3. Think like a User
8.3.4. Use Models and Prototypes
8.3.5. Focus on Usability
8.3.6. Invite Feedback
8.3.7. Document Everything
8.4. Guidelines for User Interface Design
8.4.1. Create an Interface That Is Easy to Learn and Use
8.4.2. Enhance User Productivity
8.4.3. Provide Flexibility
8.4.4. Provide Users with Help and Feedback
8.4.5. Create an Attractive Layout and Design
8.4.6. Enhance the Interface
8.4.7. Focus on Data Entry Screens
8.4.8. Use Validation Rules
8.4.9. Manage Data Effectively
8.4.10. Reduce Input Volume
8.5. Source Document and Form Design
8.6. Printed Output
8.6.1. Report Design
8.6.2. Report Design Principles
8.6.3. Types of Reports
8.7. Technology Issues
8.7.1. Output Technology
8.7.2. Input Technology
8.8. Security and Control Issues
8.8.1. Output Security and Control
8.8.2. Input Security and Control
8.9. Emerging Trends
8.9.1. Modular Design
8.9.2. Responsive Web Design
8.9.3. Prototyping
9. Data Design
9.1. Data Design Concepts
9.1.1. Data Structures
9.1.2. Maria and Data: A Data Design Example
9.1.3. Database Management Systems
9.2. DBMS Components
9.2.1. Interfaces for Users, Database Administrators, and Related Systems
9.2.2. Schema
9.2.3. Physical Data Repository
9.3. Web-Based Design
9.4. Data Design Terms
9.4.1. Definitions
9.4.2. Key Fields
9.4.3. Referential Integrity
9.5. Entity-Relationship Diagrams
9.5.1. Drawing an ERD
9.5.2. Types of Relationships
9.5.3. Cardinality
9.6. Data Normalization
9.6.1. Standard Notation Format
9.6.2. First Normal Form
9.6.3. Second Normal Form
9.6.4. Third Normal Form
9.6.5. Two Real-World Examples
9.7. Codes
9.7.1. Overview of Codes
9.7.2. Types of Codes
9.7.3. Designing Codes
9.8. Data Storage and Access
9.8.1. Tools and Techniques
9.8.2. Logical Versus Physical Storage
9.8.3. Data Coding
9.9. Data Control
10. System Architecture
10.1. Architecture Checklist
10.1.1. Corporate Organization and Culture
10.1.2. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
10.1.3. Initial Cost and TCO
10.1.4. Scalability
10.1.5. Web Integration
10.1.6. Legacy Systems
10.1.7. Processing Options
10.1.8. Security Issues
10.1.9. Corporate Portals
10.2. The Evolution of System Architecture
10.2.1. Mainframe Architecture
10.2.2. Impact of the Personal Computer
10.2.3. Network Evolution
10.3. Client/Server Architecture
10.3.1. The Client's Role
10.3.2. Client/Server Tiers
10.3.3. Middleware
10.3.4. Cost-Benefit Issues
10.3.5. Performance Issues
10.4. The Impact of the Internet
10.4.1. Internet-Based Architecture
10.4.2. Cloud Computing
10.4.3. Web 2.0
10.5. E-Commerce Architecture
10.5.1. In-House Solutions
10.5.2. Packaged Solutions
10.5.3. Service Providers
10.6. Processing Methods
10.6.1. Online Processing
10.6.2. Batch Processing
10.6.3. Example
10.7. Network Models
10.7.1. The OSI Model
10.7.2. Network Topology
10.7.3. Network Devices
10.8. Wireless Networks
10.8.1. Standards
10.8.2. Topologies
10.8.3. Trends
10.9. Systems Design Completion
10.9.1. System Design Specification
10.9.2. User Approval
10.9.3. Presentations
11. Managing Systems Implementation
11.1. Quality Assurance
11.1.1. Software Engineering
11.1.2. Systems Engineering
11.1.3. International Organization for Standardization
11.2. Application Development
11.2.1. Review the System Design
11.2.2. Application Development Tasks
11.2.3. Systems Development Tools
11.3. Structured Development
11.3.1. Structure Charts
11.3.2. Cohesion and Coupling
11.3.3. Drawing a Structure Chart
11.4. Object-Oriented Development
11.4.1. Characteristics of Object-Oriented Development
11.4.2. Implementation of Object-Oriented Designs
11.4.3. Object-Oriented Cohesion and Coupling
11.5. Agile Development
11.5.1. Pair-Programming
11.5.2. User Stories
11.5.3. Iterations and Releases
11.6. Coding
11.7. Testing
11.7.1. Unit Testing
11.7.2. Integration Testing
11.7.3. System Testing
11.8. Documentation
11.8.1. Program Documentation
11.8.2. System Documentation
11.8.3. Operations Documentation
11.8.4. User Documentation
11.8.5. Online Documentation
11.9. Installation
11.9.1. Operational and Test Environments
11.9.2. System Changeover
11.9.3. Data Conversion
11.9.4. Training
11.9.5. Post-Implementation Tasks
12. Managing Systems Support and Security
12.1. User Support
12.1.1. User Training
12.1.2. Help Desks
12.1.3. Outsourcing Issues
12.2. Maintenance Tasks
12.2.1. Types of Maintenance
12.2.2. Corrective Maintenance
12.2.3. Adaptive Maintenance
12.2.4. Perfective Maintenance
12.2.5. Preventive Maintenance
12.3. Maintenance Management
12.3.1. The Maintenance Team
12.3.2. Maintenance Requests
12.3.3. Establishing Priorities
12.3.4. Configuration Management
12.3.5. Maintenance Releases
12.3.6. Version Control
12.3.7. Baselines
12.4. System Performance Management
12.4.1. Fault Management
12.4.2. Performance and Workload Measurement
12.4.3. Capacity Planning
12.5. System Security
12.5.1. System Security Concepts
12.5.2. Risk Management
12.5.3. Attacker Profiles and Attacks
12.6. Security Levels
12.6.1. Physical Security
12.6.2. Network Security
12.6.3. Application Security
12.6.4. File Security
12.6.5. User Security
12.6.6. Procedural Security
12.7. Backup and Recovery
12.7.1. Global Terrorism
12.7.2. Backup Policies
12.7.3. Business Continuity Issues
12.8. System Retirement
12.9. Future Challenges and Opportunities
12.9.1. Trends and Predictions
12.9.2. Strategic Planning for IT Professionals
12.9.3. IT Credentials and Certification
12.9.4. Critical Thinking Skills
12.9.5. Cyberethics