COS3712
Computer Graphics

Interactive Computer Graphics: A Top-Down Approach with WebGL

(7th edition)

by Edward Angel, Dave Shreiner

1. Graphics Systems and Models
1. Graphics Systems and Models
1.1. Applications of Computer Graphics
1.1.1. Display of Information
1.1.2. Design
1.1.3. Simulation and Animation
1.1.4. User Interfaces
1.2. A Graphics System
1.2.1. Pixels and the Framebuffer
1.2.2. The CPU and the GPU
1.2.3. Output Devices
1.2.4. Input Devices
1.3. Images: Physical and Synthetic
1.3.1. Objects and Viewers
1.3.2. Light and Images
1.3.3. Imaging Models
1.4. Imaging Systems
1.4.1. The Pinhole Camera
1.4.2. The Human Visual System
1.5. The Synthetic-Camera Model
1.6. The Programmer's Interface
1.6.1. The Pen-Plotter Model
1.6.2. Three-Dimensional APIs
1.6.3. A Sequence of Images
1.6.4. The Modeling–Rendering Paradigm
1.7. Graphics Architectures
1.7.1. Display Processors
1.7.2. Pipeline Architectures
1.7.3. The Graphics Pipeline
1.7.4. Vertex Processing
1.7.5. Clipping and Primitive Assembly
1.7.6. Rasterization
1.7.7. Fragment Processing
1.8. Programmable Pipelines
1.9. Performance Characteristics
1.10. OpenGL Versions and WebGL
2. Graphics Programming
2.1. The Sierpinski Gasket
2.2. Programming Two-Dimensional Applications
2.3. The WebGL Application Programming Interface
2.3.1. Graphics Functions
2.3.2. The Graphics Pipeline and State Machines
2.3.3. OpenGL and WebGL
2.3.4. The WebGL Interface
2.3.5. Coordinate Systems
2.4. Primitives and Attributes
2.4.1. Polygon Basics
2.4.2. Polygons in WebGL
2.4.3. Approximating a Sphere
2.4.4. Triangulation
2.4.5. Text
2.4.6. Curved Objects
2.4.7. Attributes
2.5. Color
2.5.1. RGB Color
2.5.2. Indexed Color
2.5.3. Setting of Color Attributes
2.6. Viewing
2.6.1. The Orthographic View
2.6.2. Two-Dimensional Viewing
2.7. Control Functions
2.7.1. Interaction with the Window System
2.7.2. Aspect Ratio and Viewports
2.7.3. Application Organization
2.8. The Gasket Program
2.8.1. Sending Data to the GPU
2.8.2. Rendering the Points
2.8.3. The Vertex Shader
2.8.4. The Fragment Shader
2.8.5. Combining the Parts
2.8.6. The initShaders Function
2.8.7. The init Function
2.8.8. Reading the Shaders from the Application
2.9. Polygons and Recursion
2.10. The Three-Dimensional Gasket
2.10.1. Use of Three-Dimensional Points
2.10.2. Naming Conventions
2.10.3. Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions
2.10.4. Hidden-Surface Removal
3. Interaction and Animation
3.1. Animation
3.1.1. The Rotating Square
3.1.2. The Display Process
3.1.3. Double Buffering
3.1.4. Using a Timer
3.1.5. Using requestAnimFrame
3.2. Interaction
3.3. Input Devices
3.4. Physical Input Devices
3.4.1. Keyboard Codes
3.4.2. The Light Pen
3.4.3. The Mouse and the Trackball
3.4.4. Data Tablets, Touch Pads, and Touch Screens
3.4.5. The Joystick
3.4.6. Multidimensional Input Devices
3.4.7. Logical Devices
3.4.8. Input Modes
3.5. Clients and Servers
3.6. Programming Event-Driven Input
3.6.1. Events and Event Listeners
3.6.2. Adding a Button
3.6.3. Menus
3.6.4. Using Keycodes
3.6.5. Sliders
3.7. Position Input
3.8. Window Events
3.9. Picking
3.10. Building Models Interactively
3.11. Design of Interactive Programs
4. Geometric Objects and Transformations
4.1. Scalars, Points, and Vectors
4.1.1. Geometric Objects
4.1.2. Coordinate-Free Geometry
4.1.3. The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces
4.1.4. The Computer Science View
4.1.5. Geometric ADTs
4.1.6. Lines
4.1.7. Affine Sums
4.1.8. Convexity
4.1.9. Dot and Cross Products
4.1.10. Planes
4.2. Three-Dimensional Primitives
4.3. Coordinate Systems and Frames
4.3.1. Representations and N-Tuples
4.3.2. Change of Coordinate Systems
4.3.3. Example: Change of Representation
4.3.4. Homogeneous Coordinates
4.3.5. Example: Change in Frames
4.3.6. Working with Representations
4.4. Frames in WebGL
4.5. Matrix and Vector Types
4.5.1. Row versus Column Major Matrix Representations
4.6. Modeling a Colored Cube
4.6.1. Modeling the Faces
4.6.2. Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces
4.6.3. Data Structures for Object Representation
4.6.4. The Colored Cube
4.6.5. Color Interpolation
4.6.6. Displaying the Cube
4.6.7. Drawing with Elements
4.7. Affine Transformations
4.8. Translation, Rotation, and Scaling
4.8.1. Translation
4.8.2. Rotation
4.8.3. Scaling
4.9. Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates
4.9.1. Translation
4.9.2. Scaling
4.9.3. Rotation
4.9.4. Shear
4.10. Concatenation of Transformations
4.10.1. Rotation About a Fixed Point
4.10.2. General Rotation
4.10.3. The Instance Transformation
4.10.4. Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis
4.11. Transformation Matrices in WebGL
4.11.1. Current Transformation Matrices
4.11.2. Basic Matrix Functions
4.11.3. Rotation, Translation, and Scaling
4.11.4. Rotation About a Fixed Point
4.11.5. Order of Transformations
4.12. Spinning of the Cube
4.12.1. Uniform Matrices
4.13. Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications
4.13.1. Using Areas of the Screen
4.13.2. A Virtual Trackball
4.13.3. Smooth Rotations
4.13.4. Incremental Rotation
4.14. Quaternions
4.14.1. Complex Numbers and Quaternions
4.14.2. Quaternions and Rotation
4.14.3. Quaternions and Gimbal Lock
5. Viewing
5.1. Classical and Computer Viewing
5.1.1. Classical Viewing
5.1.2. Orthographic Projections
5.1.3. Axonometric Projections
5.1.4. Oblique Projections
5.1.5. Perspective Viewing
5.2. Viewing with a Computer
5.3. Positioning of the Camera
5.3.1. Positioning of the Camera Frame
5.3.2. Two Viewing APIs
5.3.3. The Look-At Function
5.3.4. Other Viewing APIs
5.4. Parallel Projections
5.4.1. Orthogonal Projections
5.4.2. Parallel Viewing with WebGL
5.4.3. Projection Normalization
5.4.4. Orthogonal Projection Matrices
5.4.5. Oblique Projections
5.4.6. An Interactive Viewer
5.5. Perspective Projections
5.5.1. Simple Perspective Projections
5.6. Perspective Projections with WebGL
5.6.1. Perspective Functions
5.7. Perspective Projection Matrices
5.7.1. Perspective Normalization
5.7.2. WebGL Perspective Transformations
5.7.3. Perspective Example
5.8. Hidden-Surface Removal
5.8.1. Culling
5.9. Displaying Meshes
5.9.1. Displaying Meshes as Surfaces
5.9.2. Polygon Offset
5.9.3. Walking through a Scene
5.10. Projections and Shadows
5.10.1. Projected Shadows
5.11. Shadow Maps
6. Lighting and Shading
6.1. Light and Matter
6.2. Light Sources
6.2.1. Color Sources
6.2.2. Ambient Light
6.2.3. Point Sources
6.2.4. Spotlights
6.2.5. Distant Light Sources
6.3. The Phong Reflection Model
6.3.1. Ambient Reflection
6.3.2. Diffuse Reflection
6.3.3. Specular Reflection
6.3.4. The Modified Phong Model
6.4. Computation of Vectors
6.4.1. Normal Vectors
6.4.2. Angle of Reflection
6.5. Polygonal Shading
6.5.1. Flat Shading
6.5.2. Smooth and Gouraud Shading
6.5.3. Phong Shading
6.6. Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision
6.7. Specifying Lighting Parameters
6.7.1. Light Sources
6.7.2. Materials
6.8. Implementing a Lighting Model
6.8.1. Applying the Lighting Model in the Application
6.8.2. Efficiency
6.8.3. Lighting in the Vertex Shader
6.9. Shading of the Sphere Model
6.10. Per-Fragment Lighting
6.11. Nonphotorealistic Shading
6.12. Global Illumination
7. Discrete Techniques
7.1. Buffers
7.2. Digital Images
7.3. Mapping Methods
7.4. Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping
7.5. Texture Mapping in WebGL
7.5.1. Texture Objects
7.5.2. The Texture Image Array
7.5.3. Texture Coordinates and Samplers
7.5.4. Texture Sampling
7.5.5. Working with Texture Coordinates
7.5.6. Multitexturing
7.6. Texture Generation
7.7. Environment Maps
7.8. Reflection Map Example
7.9. Bump Mapping
7.9.1. Finding Bump Maps
7.9.2. Bump Map Example
7.10. Blending Techniques
7.10.1. Opacity and Blending
7.10.2. Image Blending
7.10.3. Blending in WebGL
7.10.4. Antialiasing Revisited
7.10.5. Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering
7.10.6. Scene Antialiasing and Multisampling
7.10.7. Image Processing
7.10.8. Other Multipass Methods
7.11. GPGPU
7.12. Framebuffer Objects
7.13. Buffer Ping-Ponging
7.14. Picking
8. From Geometry to Pixels
8.1. Basic Implementation Strategies
8.2. Four Major Tasks
8.2.1. Modeling
8.2.2. Geometry Processing
8.2.3. Rasterization
8.2.4. Fragment Processing
8.3. Clipping
8.4. Line-Segment Clipping
8.4.1. Cohen-Sutherland Clipping
8.4.2. Liang-Barsky Clipping
8.5. Polygon Clipping
8.6. Clipping of Other Primitives
8.6.1. Bounding Boxes and Volumes
8.6.2. Curves, Surfaces, and Text
8.6.3. Clipping in the Framebuffer
8.7. Clipping in Three Dimensions
8.8. Rasterization
8.9. Bresenham's Algorithm
8.10. Polygon Rasterization
8.10.1. Inside–Outside Testing
8.10.2. WebGL and Concave Polygons
8.10.3. Fill and Sort
8.10.4. Flood Fill
8.10.5. Singularities
8.11. Hidden-Surface Removal
8.11.1. Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches
8.11.2. Sorting and Hidden-Surface Removal
8.11.3. Scan Line Algorithms
8.11.4. Back-Face Removal
8.11.5. The z-Buffer Algorithm
8.11.6. Scan Conversion with the z-Buffer
8.11.7. Depth Sort and the Painter's Algorithm
8.12. Antialiasing
8.13. Display Considerations
8.13.1. Color Systems
8.13.2. The Color Matrix
8.13.3. Gamma Correction
8.13.4. Dithering and Halftoning
9. Modeling and Hierarchy
9.1. Symbols and Instances
9.2. Hierarchical Models
9.3. A Robot Arm
9.4. Trees and Traversal
9.4.1. A Stack-Based Traversal
9.5. Use of Tree Data Structures
9.6. Animation
9.7. Graphical Objects
9.7.1. Methods, Attributes, and Messages
9.7.2. A Cube Object
9.7.3. Objects and Hierarchy
9.7.4. Geometric and Nongeometric Objects
9.8. Scene Graphs
9.9. Implementing Scene Graphs
9.10. Other Tree Structures
9.10.1. CSG Trees
9.10.2. BSP Trees
9.10.3. Quadtrees and Octrees
10. Procedural Methods
10.1. Algorithmic Models
10.2. Physically Based Models and Particle Systems
10.3. Newtonian Particles
10.3.1. Independent Particles
10.3.2. Spring Forces
10.3.3. Attractive and Repulsive Forces
10.4. Solving Particle Systems
10.5. Constraints
10.5.1. Collisions
10.5.2. Soft Constraints
10.6. A Simple Particle System
10.6.1. Displaying the Particles
10.6.2. Updating Particle Positions
10.6.3. Collisions
10.6.4. Forces
10.6.5. Flocking
10.7. Agent-Based Models
10.8. Language-Based Models
10.9. Recursive Methods and Fractals
10.9.1. Rulers and Length
10.9.2. Fractal Dimension
10.9.3. Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion
10.9.4. Fractal Mountains
10.9.5. The Mandelbrot Set
10.9.6. Mandelbrot Fragment Shader
10.10. Procedural Noise
11. Curves and Surfaces
11.1. Representation of Curves and Surfaces
11.1.1. Explicit Representation
11.1.2. Implicit Representations
11.1.3. Parametric Form
11.1.4. Parametric Polynomial Curves
11.1.5. Parametric Polynomial Surfaces
11.2. Design Criteria
11.3. Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves
11.4. Interpolation
11.4.1. Blending Functions
11.4.2. The Cubic Interpolating Patch
11.5. Hermite Curves and Surfaces
11.5.1. The Hermite Form
11.5.2. Geometric and Parametric Continuity
11.6. Bézier Curves and Surfaces
11.6.1. Bézier Curves
11.6.2. Bézier Surface Patches
11.7. Cubic B-Splines
11.7.1. The Cubic B-Spline Curve
11.7.2. B-Splines and Basis
11.7.3. Spline Surfaces
11.8. General B-Splines
11.8.1. Recursively Defined B-Splines
11.8.2. Uniform Splines
11.8.3. Nonuniform B-Splines
11.8.4. NURBS
11.8.5. Catmull-Rom Splines
11.9. Rendering Curves and Surfaces
11.9.1. Polynomial Evaluation Methods
11.9.2. Recursive Subdivision of Bézier Polynomials
11.9.3. Rendering Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision
11.9.4. Subdivision of Bézier Surfaces
11.10. The Utah Teapot
11.11. Algebraic Surfaces
11.11.1. Quadrics
11.11.2. Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting
11.12. Subdivision Curves and Surfaces
11.12.1. Mesh Subdivision
11.13. Mesh Generation from Data
11.13.1. Height Fields Revisited
11.13.2. Delaunay Triangulation
11.13.3. Point Clouds
11.14. Graphics API support for Curves and Surfaces
11.14.1. Tessellation Shading
11.14.2. Geometry Shading
12. Advanced Rendering
12.1. Going Beyond Pipeline Rendering
12.2. Ray Tracing
12.3. Building a Simple Ray Tracer
12.3.1. Recursive Ray Tracing
12.3.2. Calculating Intersections
12.3.3. Ray-Tracing Variations
12.4. The Rendering Equation
12.5. Radiosity
12.5.1. The Radiosity Equation
12.5.2. Solving the Radiosity Equation
12.5.3. Computing Form Factors
12.5.4. Carrying Out Radiosity
12.6. Global Illumination and Path Tracing
12.7. RenderMan
12.8. Parallel Rendering
12.8.1. Sort-Middle Rendering
12.8.2. Sort-Last Rendering
12.8.3. Sort-First Rendering
12.9. Hardware GPU Implementations
12.10. Implicit Functions and Contour Maps
12.10.1. Marching Squares
12.10.2. Marching Triangles
12.11. Volume Rendering
12.11.1. Volumetric Data Sets
12.11.2. Visualization of Implicit Functions
12.12. Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes
12.13. Marching Tetrahedra
12.14. Mesh Simplification
12.15. Direct Volume Rendering
12.15.1. Assignment of Color and Opacity
12.15.2. Splatting
12.15.3. Volume Ray Tracing
12.15.4. Texture Mapping of Volumes
12.16. Image-Based Rendering
12.16.1. A Simple Example
A. Initializing Shaders
A.1. Shaders in the HTML file
A.2. Reading Shaders from Source Files
B. Spaces
B.1. Scalars
B.2. Vector Spaces
B.3. Affine Spaces
B.4. Euclidean Spaces
B.5. Projections
B.6. Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
C. Matrices
C.1. Definitions
C.2. Matrix Operations
C.3. Row and Column Matrices
C.4. Rank
C.5. Change of Representation
C.6. The Cross Product
C.7. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
C.8. Vector and Matrix Objects
D. Sampling and Aliasing
D.1. Sampling Theory
D.2. Reconstruction
D.3. Quantization